Sepsis medical negligence claims

Sepsis is usually caused by bacterial infection, although it can sometimes develop from viral or fungal infections. Sepsis most commonly arises from infection in the lungs, urinary tract, abdomen or pelvis, but it can develop from infection in any area of the body.

Septicaemia (blood poisoning which often accompanies meningitis) describes when large numbers of bacteria enter the bloodstream. Sepsis can affect multiple organs or the whole body, with or without  septicaemia.

Sepsis often develops during or after a stay in hospital. It may develop:

• after surgery
• after a urinary catheter has been fitted
• after a long stay in hospital

Sepsis can be caused by infection in any part of the body. The original infection which caused the sepsis cannot always be found. Sepsis commonly arises from:

• lung infection (pneumonia)
• appendicitis;
• peritonitis – (infection of the lining of the abdominal cavity);
• urinary tract infection (UTI) of the bladder, urethra or kidneys;
• infection of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) or bile ducts (cholangitis);
• skin infections, e.g. cellulitis;
• post-operative infection;
• infections of the brain and nervous system, e.g. meningitis or encephalitis;
• influenza;
• bone infection (osteomyelitis);
• infection of the lining inside the heart (endocarditis).

The body’s immune system usually manages to keep any infection within one area of the body. Tissue swelling (inflammation) helps prevent the infection from spreading whilst the white blood cells attack and destroy the germs which are causing the infection. Where the immune system is weak or the infection is very severe, the infection spreads to other areas of the body. The immune system reacts, causing inflammation throughout the body. The side effect of the inflammation is that it interferes with the blood supply, leading to a dangerous drop in blood pressure and lack of oxygen supply to the organs and tissues.

The NHS advises that you should call 999 or take your child to A&E immediately if they have any of the following symptoms:

• looking mottled, bluish or pale;
• very lethargic or difficult to wake;
• feeling abnormally cold to touch;
• breathing very fast;
• a rash that does not fade when you press it;
• fits or convulsions.

You should also seek urgent medical advice if your child has:

• a temperature:
  • over 38°C in babies under 3 months
  • over 39°C in babies aged 3 to 6 months
  • any high temperature in a child who can’t be encouraged to show interest in anything
  • a low temperature below 36°C

• abnormal breathing:
  • working harder than normal to breathe
  • making grunting noises with every breath
  • can’t say more than a few words at once (for older children who normally can talk)
  • pauses in breathing
• toilet/nappies - not urinated or had a wet nappy for 12 hours
• eating and drinking:
  • newborn baby under 1 month old has no interest in feeding
  • not drinking for more than 8 hours (when awake)
  • green, bloody or black vomit

• bulging soft spot (fontanelle) on a baby's head
• sunken eyes
• child cannot be encouraged to show interest in anything
• floppy baby
• weak, "whining" or continuous crying in a younger child
• confusion in older child
• unresponsive
• irritable
• stiff neck, especially when trying to look up and down

Early sepsis symptoms in older children and adults may include:

• a high or low body temperature
• chills and shivering
• rapid heartbeat
• difficulty or changes in breathing
• not feeling/acting your usual self

Many of the symptoms of sepsis are similar to meningitis, in which the first symptoms are often fever (high temperature), vomiting, headache and feeling unwell. Meningitis is another life-threatening complication of infection which must be treated as an emergency to avoid long-term, serious injury. If you think you or a family member could be suffering from meningitis or sepsis, do not delay; seek medical help urgently or call 999.

Signs and symptoms of more advanced sepsis or septic shock (in which blood pressure drops to a dangerously low level) can include:

• feeling dizzy or faint
• mental confusion or disorientation
• diarrhoea
• nausea and vomiting
• slurred speech
• severe muscle pain
• severe breathlessness
• urinating less often than usual
• cold, clammy, pale or mottled skin
• loss of consciousness

Severe sepsis and septic shock are medical emergencies. Delays in treatment can result in death or permanent, severe disability. Call 999 or go to A&E immediately.

Treatment for sepsis depends on where and how the infection began (if known) and the nature and extent of the damage that has already been done. Treatment usually involves hospital referral and/or admission, IV (intravenous – into a vein) antibiotics at first, with oral antibiotics continuing after initial treatment.

Sepsis hospital treatment is sometimes known as the "sepsis 6" because three tests and three treatments should all be initiated by the medical team within an hour of diagnosis. These are:

• antibiotics
• IV (intravenous) fluids
• giving oxygen (if needed)
• taking blood cultures (to identify which bacteria is causing the sepsis)
• taking a blood sample (to assess the severity of the sepsis)
• monitoring urine (to assess severity and kidney function)

Other tests (to identify the type of infection) will include:

• urine or stool samples
• wound culture from the affected area
• saliva, phlegm or mucus samples
• blood pressure tests
• X-rays, ultrasound scans or CT scans

Emergency hospital treatment may involve admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) if the sepsis is severe or there is septic shock.

Each claimant’s compensation is calculated in accordance with mandatory rules based on their individual circumstances.

The law says that compensation for medical negligence should put the injured person back in the position that they would have been in if the negligence hadn’t happened, in so far as money can.

In a medical negligence claim, the amount of compensation depends on:

• the injury or disability that was caused by negligent care, and its severity;
• the cost of meeting the individual’s needs arising from that disability in the past, present and future, e.g. for care, home adaptations, therapies and equipment;
• the financial losses that were caused by the injury, such as loss of earnings;
• how long it is expected that the person will have the need or suffer the loss.

Our clients often benefit from different types of compensation, including:

• Interim payments – advance part payments of compensation, obtained as soon as possible after liability is established, to ease financial hardship and meet urgent needs, such as therapies, home adaptations and care. 
• Lump sum payments – most final settlements include a lump sum payment, either as the full compensation payment or to cover capital costs when combined with a PPO.
• PPO – periodical payment orders (PPOs) provide severely disabled claimants who have lifelong needs for care with the guarantee of lifelong, index-linked, tax free annual payments. PPOs can also be paid to cover other ongoing costs, such as case management or special educational placements.

Read more details on how much you can claim and what compensation can pay for.

If you think that you or a family member have received negligent medical treatment which has caused serious injury or disability, we recommend that you speak to one of our friendly, experienced clinical negligence team as soon as possible. You can contact us by telephone or by email. Your enquiry will be handled confidentially and preliminary advice in relation to pursuing a claim will be given free of charge.

Our solicitors will ask you to tell us  briefly what has happened, advise you about the limitation deadlines (time limits) which apply to your claim and whether we are able to help you investigate your claim.

Once our initial investigations have taken place, we will notify the defendant (hospital or doctor) of your intention to pursue a claim and invite them to respond, giving them an opportunity to admit liability, before court proceedings are issued.

If liability is admitted, we will enter judgment and apply for an interim payment as soon as possible to meet any urgent needs that you may have as a result of the negligently caused injury.

If liability is disputed, we will discuss with you the further steps that we need to take to progress your claim.

At all times our approachable, experienced clinical negligence lawyers will ensure that you are informed of any developments and understand the process. Your solicitor and our friendly support staff will always be available to discuss any concerns or queries that you might have along the way.

The duration of a medical negligence claim depends on the individual circumstances of the client’s case. The claim is likely to take less time to conclude where:

• liability is admitted by the defendant (NHS hospital or doctor);
• the injured person’s injuries have stabilised and their prognosis (long-term outcome) is clear;
• the injured person’s needs, the costs of meeting those needs and other financial losses are straightforward and easy to assess clearly.

Circumstances which make the claim more complex and therefore take longer to resolve include:

• where the defendant disputes that they were negligent or that the medical treatment given (even where admittedly negligent) caused the client’s injury;
• where the injured person is a child whose disability is expected to change with their growth and development over time;
• where multiple experts in different disciplines are needed to assess complex injuries and the likely long-term outcome.

An initial full or partial denial of liability by NHS Resolution or other medical defence organisation does not necessarily mean that the injured person’s claim will fail. In more than half of our successful cases in 2019, we overcame initial denials of liability by the defendant, resulting in settlements for our clients.(from making a claim page)

We work hard to secure early admissions of liability and substantial interim payments so that we can begin to alleviate financial hardship and provide essential care, respite, specialist equipment, therapies and home adaptations long before the claim has settled. With liability judgments secured and interim funds in place, the individual and their family are able to focus on rebuilding their lives whilst we concentrate on valuing and negotiating settlement of the claim.

Legal Aid – for brain injuries at birth

As top-rated specialists in cerebral palsy and other serious neurological disability claims, we have access to Legal Aid funding for eligible clients. Where the child’s case is funded by Legal Aid, the family can be sure that on the successful conclusion of the claim, their child will receive their full compensation without any deduction for legal costs. Where Legal Aid is available for a child with serious brain injury, we believe that it is in the child’s best interests for their claim to be covered by Legal Aid.

This form of funding is only available to those who have suffered a brain injury, such as cerebral palsy, at birth or within the first few weeks of life. The child must have suffered their brain injury in England or Wales, and they must not have substantial funds of their own. The parents’ finances are ignored for the child’s application.

 Legal Aid funding will only be given to a child where their claim is handled by a solicitor who has been approved as a specialist in cerebral palsy and child brain injury claims by the Legal Aid Agency.

 No win no fee – conditional fee agreement (CFA)

Where Legal Aid is not available, we act for clinical negligence clients on a conditional fee agreement (CFA or ‘no win no fee’) basis.  Just as the name says, no win no fee means that unless our client wins their case there are no legal fees for them to pay. If the case fails, we do not get paid for the time we have spent working on their case. Our client’s liability for disbursements (such as expert and court fees) and any entitlement the defendant might have to legal costs is paid by an after-the-event insurance policy.

CFAs make it easier for people to afford a legal claim because they do not have to pay any upfront charges. There are no legal bills along the way. They pay nothing if they lose their claim. If they win, nothing is payable until the end of the case.

 Legal Expense Insurance

If an injured person has legal expense insurance which was in place at the time that they were injured by medical negligence, their legal expense insurance policy might help with funding their claim. If you have legal expense insurance, you should let us know as soon as you are considering making a claim.

A medical examination is usually needed to assess our client’s injury.  Where our client has suffered multiple injuries or both physical and psychological injuries, they may need to be examined by specialists in each area. This is important to make sure that our client’s injuries are fully assessed and understood, so that they can be properly compensated.

If a medical examination is needed, we instruct the specialist and make the arrangements. We ensure that they have access to our client’s medical records and are aware of the background to the claim. The hospital or doctor against whom the claim is being made may also ask for our client to be examined by their medical expert.

If a baby, child or teenager under the age of 18 makes a claim for compensation for injuries caused by medical negligence, their claim is made on their behalf by a ‘litigation friend’. This is usually a parent or guardian. As the child’s solicitor, we have a responsibility to make sure that all decisions relating to the claim are made in the best interests of the child. To do this, we work very closely with the child’s family. Some important decisions, such as settlement agreements or the amount of money that is allocated to a child in a claim involving more than one claimant, must be approved by the court.

We are specialists in helping families obtain full compensation for children who have been very severely injured leaving them with permanent disability and lifelong specialist needs. [These claims are complex and must be handled by specialist solicitors.] Our expert children’s claims service includes a dedicated Court of Protection team who help our clients protect, budget and access their compensation via deputyship and trusts, and an SEN team to ensure that their special educational needs are met. Find out more about how we help families, children and teenagers with children’s claims.

In medical negligence claims, compensation for serious injury and disability usually includes a sum for the injury, and  sums to compensate for financial losses and the cost of meeting the needs that arise from the disability. Our expert knowledge and experience means that we recover maximum compensation in claims for catastrophic and life-changing injury.  We also ensure that our clients receive their compensation in the way that is best suited to meet their needs. In claims involving severe disability, compensation may include early interim payments, lump sums or lifelong, index-linked, annual payments.

Depending on our clients’ injuries, individual circumstances and needs, we can recover compensation to pay for:

• pain, suffering and disability;
• care (professional or provided by the family) and assistance;
• case management;
• therapies, such as:
  • physiotherapy;
  • occupational therapy (OT) ;
  • speech and language therapy (SALT);
  • psychological counselling;
  • pain management;
• assistive technology (IT);
• rehabilitation;
• home adaptations or additional costs of suitable accommodation;
• specialist equipment and aids;
• adapted vehicles, wheelchairs and additional transport costs;
• special educational needs;
• loss of earnings/pension;
• medical treatment and surgery;
• prosthetics (after amputation);
• Court of Protection costs;
• other losses and expenses arising from the injury.

Where medical negligence caused someone’s death, compensation may be claimed by the deceased’s dependants and on behalf of the deceased’s estate. Compensation in a fatal injury medical negligence claim can be paid for:

• the deceased’s pain and suffering and disability prior to their death;
• the deceased’s financial losses and expenses arising from their injury prior to their death;
• funeral costs;
• a statutory, fixed sum bereavement payment;
• a dependant’s loss of dependency on the deceased’s income;
• a dependant’s loss of dependency on other services provided by the deceased, such as child-care, driving, shopping and housework, DIY etc.

HSSIB is the acronym or shortened name for the Health Services Safety Investigations Body (HSSIB). 

In October 2023 the Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch (HSIB) which investigates patient safety incidents,  will change its name, its status and the way it works and will become the Health Services Safety Investigations Body or HSSIB. 
HSSIB will continue the work of HSIB’s national investigations programme but will not take over HSIB’s maternity investigations. These will be carried out by the new Maternity and Newborn Safety Investigations Special Health Authority or MNSI. This is because the Health and Care Act 2022 gave HSSIB increased powers, beyond those used by HSIB. This will allow HSSIB to conduct patient safety investigations using ‘safe space’ protection, which is not appropriate for maternity investigations into patient safety incidents which have caused serious harm to mothers and newborn babies. 
From October 2023, when HSSIB becomes operational, it will be an independent, non-departmental, arm’s length body (ALB) of the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC).  HSIB hopes that the new HSSIB’s new working procedures and independence from the NHS and DHSC will help reassure patients and staff involved in patient safety incidents that their investigations are unbiased and don’t attribute blame, but will help the whole healthcare system learn from the system failures and mistakes that contributed to the patient’s injury. HSIB believes this will help improve patient safety.

HSSIB will work differently from HSIB:
•    HSSIB will be run by a board of executive and non-executive directors who will establish and take forward the strategic aims and objectives of the new organisation. HSSIB’s new board of directors will be accountable for the way HSSIB is managed, carries out its investigations, and for its performance. 
•    HSSIB will have the power to:  
o    access patients’ medical records without their consent;
o    compel people and organisations (such as NHS trusts) to cooperate with patient safety investigations;
o    obtain any evidence that it considers relevant for an investigation;
o    conduct investigations under ‘safe space’, meaning that evidence that is gathered can be protected from disclosure, even to the affected patient or their family.  
•    HSSIB will not carry out maternity investigations. These will be taken over by the Maternity and Newborn Safety Investigations Special Health Authority or MNSI.

If you have been contacted by MNSI, HSIB, HSSIB or NHS Resolution after the birth of your child or in relation to the mother’s maternity care, we strongly advise you to contact us on +44(0) 118 952 7201 immediately for free, confidential, specialist advice before you respond. Your child or your family may be entitled to substantial compensation.